

2.2.3 由于股骨髁间凹发育不良引起的习惯性髌骨脱位可以通过加深股骨髁间凹等矫形手术治疗,增加膝关节的稳定性〔14〕。对于有明显膝外翻的患者,必须采用截骨术矫正膝外翻畸形,否则手术后由于膝外翻的存在,Q角过大,容易复发〔17〕。 2.2.4 髌骨切除股四头肌腱修补术(Westandtosohall氏手术)
该手术采用髌骨下方“U”型切口,显露髌骨,在该骨下1/3平面“U”型切开四头肌扩张部,摘除髌骨。该术式适用与习惯性髌骨脱位同时伴有膝关节退变性骨关节炎,严重膝关节障碍者〔15〕。
2.2.5 目前关节镜指导下治疗髌骨脱位成为广泛应用的方法,该术式方法简单,复发率低,切口小不影响美观。可以松解外侧的韧带,同时松解股外侧肌有助于提高四头肌的力量,增强关节的稳定性〔16〕。但是用关节镜治疗半脱位,完全韧带松弛的病例,效果不佳。
总之,不论哪一种手术方式,早期的肌力练习和功能锻炼对功能恢复是十分重要的,要作到动静结合。
3 发展方向
对于习惯性髌骨脱位最好的方法是手术,只有通过手术,才能求得髌骨的稳定。而手术的方法有单纯性骨性手术,肌肉及肌腱性手术,关节囊及韧带的手术或者三者合并的综合性手术。现在临床应用中,本文所提及不论哪种单纯的术式,皆有较高的并发症,所以对髌骨脱位的手术治疗以采用综合术式为宜。髌骨脱位的形成是综合因素造成的,长期反复发作外侧脱位可导致关节松弛和不稳,加之Q角增大,股四头肌收缩,更使膝外侧结构挛缩及内侧结构松弛。每个外科医师应用的治疗方式都应建立在个体解剖与病理的基础之上。目前,在综合治疗该病的过程中,着重修复或重建髌骨内侧韧带(包括MPFL、MPTL、SMCL)可能是将来发展的趋势。
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