

VIA、VILI检查中,有经验的医生和从未操作过的医生筛查效果是不同的,虽然以肉眼观察的诊断完全依赖诊断者的主观判断,并依赖诊断者的医疗背景和经验,但是肉眼观察技术易于培训,容易为基层医生所掌握,经过有经验的医生现场短期培训,无VILI 诊断经验的医生也能达到较好水平。在中国山西[15]的筛查中曾经受过培训、较有经验的医生VILI 的灵敏度、特异度、约登指数、假阳性率和假阴性率分别为64.29%、72.14%、0.3643%、27.89%、35.71%;而现场经过短期培训的医生的VILI 灵敏度、特异度、约登指数、假阳性率和假阴性率分别为50.00%、86.34%、0.3634%、13.66%、50.00%。有经验医生的VILI观容效果稍稍好于在现场短期培训的医生。运用约登指数对其进行比较,两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 5 VIA、VILI在宫颈癌筛查的应用前景
在中国这样的发展中国家,尤其是广大农村地区,如何找到一套快速、简便、廉价的筛查方法是摆在我们面前的一个问题。研究证实,与其他筛查方法相比较,薄层液基细胞学、HPV DNA 检测技术在宫颈癌筛查中的准确性很高,但成本较高。肉眼观察是一种相对简单、较少依赖操作设施的方法。检查结果立即可得,具有推广前景和实用价值。该方法的优点是操作人员易于培训、费用低廉和快速可行,适于大人群宫颈癌的初筛,特别是经济欠发达地区的筛查。
同时,也应认识到VIA、VILI的灵敏度不高,特别是对于微小病变容易漏诊。有条件的地区要与一种实验室检查联合运用,或与阴道镜联合应用以提高检出微小病变的灵敏度。2003年国家卫生部、中国癌症基金会讨论通过了对于经济欠发达地区的宫颈癌筛查采用VIA、VILI初筛查,阳性者再行阴道镜检查的筛查方案。VIA、VILI的应用必将对经济落后地区宫颈癌筛查作出有益的尝试。
【参考文献】
[1] 赵方辉, 乔友林. 宫颈癌流行病学研究进展[A]. 李立明. 流行病学进展. 第10 卷[M]. 北京:北京医科大学出版社, 2002. 89-105.
[2] Blumenthal PD,Lauterbach M,Sellors JW,et al.Training for cervical cancer prevention programs in low?鄄resource settings:focus on visual inspection with acetic acid and cryotherapy[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2005, 89 (Suppl 2)∶s30-s37.
[3] Tsu VD,Pollack AE. Preventing cervical cancer in low?鄄resource settings :howfar have we come and what does the future hold?[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2005, 89 (Suppl 2)∶s55-s59.
[4] Bhatla N,Mukhopadhyay A,Joshi S,et al. Visual inspection for cervical cancer screening; evaluation by doctor versus paramedical worker[J]. Indian Journal of Cancer, 2004, 41(1):32-36.
[5] Sankaranarayanan R,Basu P, Wesley R, et al. Accuracy of visual screening for cervical neoplasia: results from an IARC multicentre study in India and Africa[J]. Int J Cancer, 2004, 110(6)∶907-913.
[6] Sankaranarayanan R, Wesley R, Thara S, et al. Test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol’s iodine (VILI) in cervical cancer screening in Kerala, India[J]. Int J Cancer, 2003, 106(3)∶404-408.
[7] Kuhn L,Denny L, Pollack A, et al. Human papilloma virus DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in low?鄄resource settings[J]. Natl Cancer Inst, 2000, 92(10)∶818-825.
[8] 张永贞, 邵淑丽, 孙立新, 等. 农村不发达地区妇女宫颈癌筛查方法的比较[J]. 肿瘤研究与临床, 2005, 17(4):288.
[9] Ottaviano M, La Torre P. Examination of the cervix with the naked eye using acetic acid test [J]. An J Obstet Gynecol, 1982, 143(2):139-142.
[10] Catterina Ferreccio,Maria C Bratti, Mark E Sherman, et al. A comparison of single and combined visual, cytologic, and virologic tests as screening strategies in a region at high risk of cervical cancer[J]. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2003, 12(9): 815-823.
[11] Syrjanen K, Naud P, Derchain S, et al. Comparing PAP smear cytology, aided visual inspection, screening colposcopy, cervicography and HPV testing as optional screening tools in Latin America. Study design and baseline data of the LAMS study[J]. Anticancer Res, 2005, 25(5):3469-3480.