论语言领域的帝国主义对英语及其作用语之影响(英文)

It is a truly tragic scene of the Oklahoma Indian Languages loss.
As it shown, linguistic imperialism brought in not merely language loss, accompanied sometimes with violence even genocide.
Not only Oklahoma Indian Languages are endangered, but also the speakers. They face with language funeral, and what’s worse, the deep rooted insecurity and the hard-to-heal spirit trauma.
3.3 Crises of Standard English
Communication is mutual, accordingly, English, the imperialist, is affected. Up till now, two major crises are in sight.
 3.3.1 Middle-English Crisis
English, for all times, has never been inclusive. Instead, it always welcomed improvement or renovation. It kept its tradition at middle ages and that’s also the time of Norman Conquest. From 1066, many borrowed French words pushed its way through English. A multitude of seemingly original English words, particularly terms for political, judicial, and cultural notions, could find its origin during such a period. As time goes, things were getting worse. French earned itself the high variety in Britain society whereas English descended to the low variety. Many natives, who wish to behave like members in up-class society, deserted English and began to learn French. Consequences were obvious: English speakers decreased sharply. In such a case, French was the overpower side----the linguistic imperialist, while English was the endangered one.
3.3.2 Modern English Crisis
Language is forever in action, not static. It absorbs everything in and reflects reality, meanwhile, it is influenced and changed by reality. Therefore, it is plausible to expect modern Standard English, the imperialist now, with certain marks of Black English.
Firstly it results from the Strikes of pop culture. Media, as a domain factor in today’s world, possess unquestionable power on language. With the prosperity of pop culture, a main theme in media, the influx of Black English into Standard English is colossal.
Chief manifestations are: (1) Hip-hop and rock & roll music; (2) Street basketball ;( 3) Hollywood movies.
Secondly it happens for the Strikes of different English Varieties. Black English Vernacular is among the English Varieties with almost the strongest strike. Besides, there are also Chinglish, Japanese English and etc. They have all been, Chinglish specifically, accepted as a variety.

4.  Measures and Obstacles for Language Revitalization
Despite formidable challenges, endangered languages could be saved, though they may differ in extend. Languages with certain amount of fluent speakers could be revitalized with extraordinary supplemental benefits while many other unfortunate ones may merely sigh about their vanishing despite they have a virtue mark carved in language history.
4.1 Measures
As we go through the definition of linguistic imperialism, inequality takes all the blame for language endangerment. With such a perspective, we could save languages by easing inequality since there is no chance for eliminating it. Inequality over economic power is a commonplace. And the author considers ideological inequality is much more critical, which deserves more attention. To work on ideology, education cannot be over-emphasized. And here is a few aspects we need to consider when we go through the measure of education.
   4.1.1 Education
Linguistic imperialism erased indigenous speech with the stuffing of English language. In technical terms, this is called ELT--English Language Teaching, obviously, a form of education. Accordingly, revitalization of endangered languages also depends on education. Education for revitalization could be classified into two: on indigenous tongue and on national identity as well.