3. 1. 3 The third personal deixis in conversation
The third personal deixis has no corresponding figures of participants in linguistic events. But it can be used to refer to speakers or hearers. For example, when both sides of the conversation do not communicate with each other face to face while in self-introduction, the third personal deixis just refers to the speaker at this moment. For example:
(1) The situation is in the classroom. The teacher is asking some questions.
A: Jim, can you tell me what the thing is in your hand?
B: Sorry, he thinks he cannot.
A: Jim, if you still remain this attitude, I am afraid that I have to talk to your parents.
B: Oh, don’t take them threaten me.
But the third personal deixis is not restricted to refer to speakers with pronoun. Proper noun and appellation are also commonly used to refer to speakers. For example:
(2) The situation happens at home. Mum asks Billie not to eat ice-cream any more that day.
A: Oh baby, what are you standing here?
B: Billie wants an ice-cream, mummy. (“Billie” refers to “I”.)
A: Oh, Billie, you have eaten five boxes of ice-cream in the afternoon. You cannot eat any more.
As to another aspect, there is the situation that the third personal deixis refers to the figure of participant in conversation, For example:
(3) The situation is at home. Mum is comforting his son.
A: Oh, my boy, why are crying? (“My boy” refers to “you”.)
B: I am not happy.
A: Why?
B: Because I lost my dog.
A: Oh. Don’t cry any more. Mum will buy another to you, Ok?
3. 2 Time deixis in conversation
Being the same with the other deixis phenomena, time deixis is also related with the figures of participants. In linguistic activities, the expression of deictic time is calculated and comprehended only when the speaking moment is regarded as the point of reference. In English, the expression of deictic time includes some adverbs and adverbial phrases, with the speaking moment regarded as the point of reference, such as now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, recently, from now on, right away, etc. When people discuss time deixis, they should note the two definitions of coding time and receiving time. The former is the time that speakers code to spread information, also namely the speaking time. While the latter is the time that hearers receive the information which speakers spread. In any language, there are coding time and receiving time. But people should know that compared with other expressions, the expression of deictic time is the basic one.
3. 2. 1 The expression of deictic time in conversation
The adverbs of deictic time are some pure time deixis. In English, there are now, then, soon, recently, etc. Among these, now and today respectively refer to the speaking moment and the speaking day. The rest can be calculated ahead or behind the point based on the speaking time, such as yesterday and tomorrow, respectively referring to the days before and behind the speaking day. For example:
(1) The situation is in the street.
A: Hey, you carried so many things, and looked so harried, where do you go?
B: Train station. I am afraid that the train has gone now. (“Now” here refers to the speaking moment.)
A: Oh, don’t so worry. I have a car. I can take you there on time.
(2) The situation is at home. The boy didn’t go home last night. Now his mother is asking the reason.
A: Bad boy, where were you yesterday? (“Yesterday” refers to the day before the speaking day.)
B: Mum, I played football with my classmates. Unluckily, when I began to come back, it rained heavily, and I didn’t take an umbrella, either. So I stayed overnight in my student’s home.
A: You should have phoned me.
B: Mum, I am so sorry that my act has made you worry so much. I do not make the same mistake again.
Apart from adverbs and adverbial phrases, the tense of English verbs is also the expression of deictic time. The present tense and the past tense, including progressive aspect and simple aspect, respectively expresses the time when action happens is in the mean time, or ahead of it. For example:
(3) The situation is in Jim’s home. His mother is asking him something.
A: Jim, Smith tells me that you broke his window yesterday. How do you explain it to me? (Here the past tense of break just indicates the time when act happens is before the speaking time.)
B: Mum, I am not deliberated.
A: No matter what it is, you should apologize to him for what you have done.
3. 2. 2 The expression of non-deictic time in conversation
The expression of non-deictic time is based on day, night, week, month, season, year, etc, natural period and hour. They are the absolute time never affected by the speaking time. Actually, the expression of non-deictic time is different from the expression of deictic time. The point of reference of deictic time exists in present concrete situation. Leaving this concrete situation, the expression of deictic time cannot be determined. Such as, “I’ll be back in half an hour.” If people do not know when it is said, then they cannot determine when the speaker is back on earth. Although there is relativity to the point of reference of expression of non-deictic time, yet it does not exist in present and concrete situation. Therefore, without the communicative situation, the time it expresses is still relatively explicit. For example:
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