浅析指示语在会话中的应用(英文)

2 The deictic phenomenon in conversation
With the deep-going of pragmatic research, deictic phenomenon plays an important role in conversations in rotation and methodology on the analysis of conversation. Besides, it provides a new angle of view to the linguistic research on the social differences of languages in different classes.
2. 1 The expression of deictic phenomenon
Linguistic research shows that deictic phenomenon is frequently used in communication as well as a common phenomenon of all languages. The appearance of deictic phenomenon is for that there are some grammatical scales of some words in language. When they are separated from the particular context, their meanings cannot be explained. Meanwhile, during the development of people using language, spoken language is prior to written language. Before human creates language, spoken language has existed for a long time. And now, there is still only the spoken language, not written language in some minorities or tribes. While oral communication mainly focuses on the communication of face-to-face. The frequent use of deictic phenomenon undoubtedly reminds people that natural language is designed for face-to-face communication. Therefore, without context, the analysis of deictic phenomenon will be restricted. In face-to-face communication, participants are in the same actual environment, and they can see each other, understand nonverbal and associate linguistic features linked with their conversation. Speakers always regard them as the center to see things round themselves in their own opinion, and they require hearers to understand their conversation according to the present context. We can imagine that natural language will become complicated and confusing without deictic phenomenon.
In English, these words and grammatical scales include person pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, definite articles and adverbs expressing place and time, such as here, there, now, then, etc. All of these are called deixis. When people use and understand deixis, they should need an explicit point of reference. Generally, deictic system is organized through the self-center, namely, deictic center is generally as followings“(a) The center figure is the speaker, (b) The center time is the time when the speaker is speaking, (c) The center place is the place wherever the speaker is speaking in any speaking time, (d) Utterance center is the part of a sentence which the speaker is speaking about, (e) Social center is the speaker’s social status and social estate relative with the hearer.”[5]
2. 2 The development of study on deictic phenomenon
From the angle of psychology, we can also prove that deictic phenomenon is an indispensible part of natural language. Recently the research on infants’ studying language shows that people learn to speak and realize the world round them just from the beginning master of deictic phenomenon. Studying language here indicates the process that the infants who cannot speak learn to use language. During the period of sensation and motion, children realize the basic relation with the outward world, such as space, the direction of objects, etc, only through visual sense and tactile sensation. Thus psychologists observe the children’s acts during this period to realize how these children transit from unspeaking to speaking. The psychologists find that when children cannot reach the thing which is far from them, they will give out louder voice than they do when able to reach the thing which is near to them. It can say that children just use nonverbal deictic phenomenon to start the pre-communication. When adults teach children to identify things, they usually get the help of deictic phenomenon, while children will also unconsciously use deixis as the identifying things. In addition, from the order in which children use deixis, it can also state clearly that people first learn the concrete deictic phenomenon, then abstract deictic phenomenon.转贴于 酷文网-论文下载中心 http://www.coolwen.net