浅析指示语在会话中的应用(英文)

Abstract: Deixis is a kind of common linguistic phenomenon, which is concerned by linguists for a long time. And, it is also the first study of the basic subject in pragmatics. Nowadays, more and more people intend to use deixis in their conversations. Thus, according to the any deictic phenomenon in conversation, this paper generalizes and discusses the application of deixis in conversation from the relevant theory and the definition of deixis, the deictic phenomenon in conversation, the classifications, the usages, and the functions of deixis in conversation. And why the author writes the paper about this topic is to hope people to increase their consciousness how to precisely use deixis in the daily communication, so the best effect of the communication can be attained.
Key words: Deixis; Conversation; Deictic phenomenon

摘  要:指示语是一种普遍的语言现象，语言学家们对它的关注由来已久。指示语也是语用学最先研究的基本课题之一。现今，越来越多的人倾向于在他们的会话中使用指示语。因此，根据会话中各类指示现象，本论文从指示语的相对理论和概念、指示语的现象、分类、用法，以及作用五个方面概括和论述了指示语在会话中的应用，以期提高人们在日常交际中正确使用指示语交流的意识，以达到交流的最佳效果。

    关键词：指示语；会话；指示现象

Introduction
Deixis is a kind of common phenomenon, concerned by some linguists for a long time. Guolvkai once pointed out “during the period of ancient Greece, grammarians had separated vocabularies about deictic things from ones about referential things.”[1]Until the beginning of 20th century, deixis is just regarded as an important and particular phenomenon, becoming a special subject for people to research. In the latest decades of years, deixis has been a basic scale in linguistic research, mainly studying on how to apply linguistic forms to express context features and how to depend on context to analyze and comprehend conversation. Deixis links language with some variables in realistic world, such as communicative time, place etc, to make some undetermined semantic words and grammars in language have determined meanings. Deixis is first used by Germany psychologist Buler, and his definition is that using a word to refer to a thing. While domestic linguist Heguangxiong believes “in communication, especially in communication with at least a speaker and a hearer, deixis is a phenomenon that can link the proper comprehension about figures, things, incidents, processes and activities with some context components.”[2] So, domestic linguists and ones overseas have made many researches on it, respectively touching upon one or several contents of its definition, usage, classification, the relation with context and the tendency of development. Among them, the foreign linguists include Fillmore, C., Lyons and Bar-Hillel. And their works are respectively Towards a Thoory of Deixis, Deixis and Anaphora and Indexical Expression. And among domestic linguists studying on deixis, Shenjiaxuan advances a definition of “subject”, namely a speaker’s self-expression in conversation. This self-expression usually follows the expression of content in conversation or the realization of the content or reflection of a speaker’s attitudes, opinions and emotions. On the base of previous researches and with referential theory of names and demonstratives, this paper will comparatively and comprehensively generalize and discuss its application and functions in conversation from its deictic phenomenon, usage, classification and function to improve people’s consciousness, namely properly using deixis in communication to attain the best communicative effect. 

1 The relevant theory and the definition of deixis
Deixis is, in Lyons’ simple phrase, “Identification by pointing” [3]. Specially, deictic terms point out of the current discourse to facts concerning the context of the utterance. Deixis includes words such as you, there, and now. Sentences in conversation with these terms cannot be understood fully unless one knows the people, place, and time involved in the utterance of the sentences. As an example, imagine finding a bottle in the river with the note, “Meet me here at night tomorrow”. Unless we know when, where, and by whom the note was written, we are at a loss to interpret the sentence
1. 1 Referential theory of name and demonstratives
“Names include the ones all of us use like Aristotle, John, and Baltimore. Demonstratives include the pronouns I, my .you, he, his, she, it. The demonstrative pronouns that, this, the adverbs here, now, tomorrow, yesterday, the adjectives actual, present, and others, which is raises by linguist Kaphan. These are simple demonstratives; the complex demonstratives covered by the theory include all the demonstrative noun phrases like that woman, this apple, that city, this bottle. Virtually all work in this tradition deals only with demonstrative that are individuals such as physical objects, times, places and events.”[4]
“Kripke and others argue for what we will call the Kripke/Kaphan theory of reference at some length, defending it against an alternative called the description theory of reference, which had been held by most interested parties for a long time in the 20th century and still remains tempting if not defensible. A rough and ready bit of reasoning in favor of a descriptive theory runs like this: You’re never met Aristotle, yet you can talk about him, ask some questions, and so on. How is this possible? All you know about him are some facts relating Aristotle to Greece, philosophy, Plato, Alexander, etc. So for you, Aristotle must amount to nothing more than all these facts. This kind of thinking may account for some of the pull of the descriptive theory.”[4]转贴于 酷文网-论文下载中心 http://www.coolwen.net