3 Proposed methods of translating tourism materials of scenic spots
Since it has been clarified that the translation methods of tourism materials should respond to their vocative functions, the methods are proposed and exemplified on the basis of the integral functions of the text.
3. 1 Metaphrasing
Metaphrasing is commonly used in the translation of tourism materials. When the information in the source text would not prevent readers from correctly and easily understanding it, the source text can be metaphrased as displayed in the following example.
(4) The source text:
青岛坐落在山东半岛南部，依山临海，天资秀美，气候凉爽，人称“东方瑞士”。白天，青岛宛如镶嵌在黄海边的绿宝石。夜里则像一只在大海中摆动的摇篮。难怪许多人乐意来这里疗养。
The target text:
Qingdao, known as the “Switzerland of the Orient”, is situated on the southern tip of Shangdong Peninsula. Wedged between hills and waters, the city is endowed with a beautiful scenery and a delightful climate. By day, she looks like a green gem inlaid in the coastline of the Yellow Sea and ,at night, a cradle rocking upon the sea waves. No wonder so many people come to seek rest ad relaxation [6].
3. 2 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a translation method, which is to restate the text of passage in a different form or in other words. It is often used to clarify the text meaning to the foreign visitors.
Chinese is rich in four-character expressions and parallel structures. In this case, the best way to avoid such invalid translation is to paraphrase the source language of the text. The excellent version is that flowery diction of the Chinese version is distilled into succinct English. Here are two successful examples.
(5) The source text:
黄山自古云成海，云流动在千峰万壑之中，浩瀚天际，壮丽非凡。峰尖浮海，犹如孤屿，时隐时现，似见非见，瞬息万变，气象万千。变幻莫测的云海与朝霞、落日相映，色彩斑斓，壮美瑰丽 [7]。
The target text:
The clouds float over the mountain and among its peaks and gullies like a sea in which the peaks from time to time appear and disappear, often in the twinkling of a moment, like isolated small islands. The cloud sea is even more splendid at sunrise and sunset [7].
Many four-character phrases in the above versions are translated regardless of the language form, because the ornate features of the Chinese language arouse aesthetics in the minds of the Chinese people, but do not sound pleasant to English language readers who pay attention to logic.
3. 3 Explanation
Explanation means giving the literal meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In this way, the reader can understand the inner meaning and find the translated text intelligible and interesting.
(6) The source text:
现在人们常说的峨嵋山，主要指的是大峨山。大峨和二峨两山，远远望去宛若螓首蛾眉，细而长，美而艳，如《水经注》所记：“秋日清澄，望见两山相对如蛾眉焉。”峨嵋山之名由此而来 [8]。
The target text:
The term “Mount Emei” mainly refers to Da’e Mountain. In the distance, the Da’e and Er’e mountains look like a moth’s pair of antennas that extend long and slender in a picturesque fashion. Just as the book Commentary on the Waterways Classics put it, “On a fine autumn day, the two mountains stand opposite each other like a moth’s antennas.” Hence the name. Emei, which literally means “Moth’s Brows”. [8]
Comparing the original text with the translation, the writer finds the translator adds a non-restrictive attributive clause, “which literally means ‘Moth’s Brows’” in the translated text. This is to explain the name of the place---Emei, it can make the reader learn the origin of this name. Therefore, the reader will have a clear understanding of the name, and have a deep impression on the place.
3. 4 Adding
Different from the method of explanation, adding does not explain the literal meaning of words, phrases and sentences; instead, it adds some referential information about people’s names, names of places, dynasties, historic events, etc. In order to make the westerners grasp the ideas by tourism materials easily, the sufficient information should be added to materials.
(7) The source text:
桃花源始建于晋，初兴于唐，鼎盛于宋，大毁于元，时兴时衰于明清，萧条于民国，渐复于解放后，大规模修复开发于1990。
The target text:
Tao huayuan was first built in Jin Dynasty(256—439A.D), began to take shape in Tang (618—907A.D), flourished in Song (960—1279A.D), and went to ruin in Yuan (1279—1368A.D). With ups and downs through the Ming and Qing dynasties(1368—1911A.D), it was almost abandoned in the times of the Republic of China (1912—1949). The recovery was made from the year 1949 on and a large-scale expansion and development began in 1990.
Compared with the original text, the time of each dynasty in China has been added to ensure that foreigners acquaint themselves with the general history of China.
(8) The source text:
太平宫位于崂山东部的上苑山北麓，初名太平兴国院，是赵匡胤为华盖真人刘若拙建的道场之一。
The target text:
The Taiping Temple is located at the northern foot of Mount Shangyuan, east of Laoshan Mountain. Its original name was “The Garden of Taipingxingguo”, one of the Taoist Temples built for Liu Ruozhuo(his religious name was Huagai) by Zhao Kuangyin, founder of the Song Dynasty(960-1127A.D).
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