1. 4. 2 Abbreviation
As the result of the need of concision, abbreviation becomes a marked character in business English. These words with single meaning, it is so normative and efficient that we can avoid the error and save time when use them. Acronym is the most representative. Acronyms are an increasingly common feature of all non-literary texts, in business English the letters are occasionally joined up and become internationalisms.
FOB (Free on Board)
CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight)
CFR (cost and freight)
D/A (Document against Acceptance)
D/P (Document against Payment)
AAR (against all risks)
B/L (bill of lading)
Acronyms are frequently created within special topics and designate products, appliances and processes, depending on their degree of importance. In translation, there is either a standard equivalent term or, if it does not yet exist, a descriptive term [8]. Acronyms are sometimes created or moved into common language for referents that have been in existence for a long time, such as “NO(number)”.the translator must look out for acronyms created simply for the purpose of one text difficult to locate if he has to translate only an extract.
1. 4. 3 Loanword and archaism
English linguistic Leech points out that terminology, loanword and archaism are the words with formal stylistic meaning, the characteristics meet the requirement of business English style completely. Many terminologies and semi- terminologies in Business English are loanword which borrows from Latin, French and Greek, especially most of terminology. The use of loanword makes the business English text more formal, such as the words from Latin, such as as per (according to), re (the origin of an incident), tale quale(comply with the sample), and from French force majeure(act of God). Here are two examples:
1)Should either of the parties to the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure, such as earth-quake, fire and war and other unforeseen events, the prevented shall notify the other party by cable without any delay.
2) the People’s Insurance Company of China undertakes to insure the under- mentioned goods in transportation subject to the conditions of this policy as per the clauses printed overleaf and other special clauses attached hereon.
The archaism is another way to make the text more serious and formal. The archaism with
which we are familiar and be used frequently is these words with root of “here” “there” “where”, such as “herein”, “hereof” “thereby” “thereafter”, “whereby” “whereon” and so on. Take two words for example:
3) Matters not covered herein shall be settled in accordance with the provisions of the Letters exchanged on July 15th, 2003 as herein above referred to
4) Whereas, this objective can be best achieved by the formation of a Joint Venture Company for the purpose of manufacturing, developing, selling, installing and maintaining elevators, escalators and parts and components thereof. Now therefore, in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit, the three parties enter into the following Agreement.
2 The translation of Business English lexical
Translation is a kind of communication between two different countries and culture. It is not easy to master a language and its translation skill. Business English and general English have many differences. Compared with the general English translation, Business English is more complex. It is not enough to do well only in language culture and translation skills, but also in the knowledge of the international business trade, what refers to subject of insurance, shipment, international trade, law and so on. All of these require translators have enough knowledge of the related expertise [9].Take legal vocabulary for example. There are many legal words in contract, such kind of words has given meanings, and some of them even imply the right and obligation of the party. Any little mistake will make bad consequence. It must be translated precisely and canonically [10].
2. 1 Principles of translation
American theorist E.A. Nida advanced “dynamic equivalence” of translation and stressed on equivalent experience and equivalent reactions. He pointed out “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” [12]. Meanwhile, famous English translation theorist Peter Newmark posted communication translation, focusing on the language expression and emphasizing on the depth of writing intent. The famous domestic translator, Yanfu gave the form of the traditional translation standard “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”. In domestic, Liu gongfa’ Business English translation standards: faithfulness, accuracy and consistency. According to these theories, I summarize the following principles.
2. 1. 1 Faithfulness, idiomaticness and consistency
At first, we should know what faithfulness, idiomaticness and consistency mean. Faithfulness means the information which the translation provides should equal to the original. Idiomaticness means the words select and writing style of the translation should meet the requirement of business literature. Consistency means all the concept, terminology or translated term which appears in the translation should be translated consistently, any change in consistent concept or terminology is not allowed. Take a translation for example to show how the principal works.
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