1. 1. 1 Extension
Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. A good example is the word companion, which now signifies ‘a company’ but its original meaning was “one who shares bread”. Mill began with meaning of “place for grinding grain into flour”, but later came to mean “place where things are made”.
1. 1. 2 Elevation
Everyday English usually consists of a primary meaning and many secondary meanings, they form like radiation. The secondary meanings of some words become the primary one in Business English. A good example is the word outstanding, in daily English, it means excellent, but it will become the meaning of unpaid in Business English. More example: hedge means a row of bushes round the edge of a garden or field, but it means protection against money losing its value in Business English; pledge means a solemn promise in everyday English, in Business English, it means something valuable left with someone else as proof that you will fulfill an agreement.
1. 1. 3 New meaning
In Business English, the general words may be endowed with new meaning. The special usage only can be found in specialized dictionary. One example is the word bull is endowed with the new meaning of the people who think the stock price will appreciate. Call in general English, it means a loud cry or telephone communication, but it is endowed with new meanings of a demand for payment due on stock bought on margin when the value has shrunk or an option to buy a certain quantity of a stock or commodity for a specified price within a specified time.
1. 1. 4 Extending
The words with general meaning can become specified words in Business English by Extending. Such words can’t translate directly, translator should pay more attention to correspondence between the two different language. Check desk, we can’t translate it by its word meaning, it have been became the section which organize the loan. Another example is line, it is original meaning is a long, thin mark on a surface, but in the phrase line of discount. It changes in to quota.
The extending of meaning is a familiar phenomenon in Business English, the abstract meaning can be extend into idiographic one and vice versa. Such as the word “turnover”, it original meaning is “The act or process of overturning”, it’s an abstract meaning, but it can mean “the sales of a company”, and the meaning is perspicuous and simple [2].
1. 2 Nominalization
In Business English, there are merely personal pronouns. The subjects of sentence are mostly verbal noun and Non-predicate form to incarnate its objectivity. Nominalization has become an important way to express and strengthen the stylistic characteristics of Business English.
1) International financing is broken down into bank lending, portfolio investment and direct investment.
2) We break down international financing into bank lending, portfolio investment and direct investment.
In the sentences, financing, lending are verbal noun, they are modified by international and bank. The subject of first sentence is a noun phrase with the core of verbal noun. Compare with the second sentence which uses personal pronouns as its subject, the first one is more objective.
The nominalization can concentrate a concept which expresses by a sentence into a word. That means fewer sentences with full information. The characteristics can make the structure compacter.
1) To put it another way, elimination of exchange rate risk within a monetary union removes exchange rate hedging as an argument in a firm’s location decision.
2) To put it another way, exchange rate is eliminated within a monetary union, so to hedge against the exchange rate risk becomes an argument in a firm’s location decision.
We can see in above sentence, the first one is compacter than the second one.
Another example: The group, under the leadership of the preparation and construction office, is in charge of the examination, supervision, inspection, testing, checking, and accepting, and performance checking for the project design, the quality of the project design, the quality of the project, the equipment and materials and the imported technology[3].
Nominalization can also make the article more formal. Take a letter for example.
Dear Mr. Peter Simon,
Our work team has made the decision that we go to Suzhou for an excursion at this weekend. Each of the team members is being invited to participate in the excursion. Meanwhile, we are sincerely wishing for the attendance of any foreign clients. We are warmly inviting you to join the excursion. Please kindly let us have your reply for acceptance of the invitation. Fixed arrangement for the excursion will be presented to you right after the arrival of your acceptance.
Yours Truly转贴于 酷文网-论文下载中心 http://www.coolwen.net
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