3. In our daily life, most concept systems take the basic level category and the prototype member as their foundation. A category is possibly established in a basic plane while the prototype member is extremely a basic level category. The three are interdependent and intergrowth in man's understanding mechanism. Both of the basic category and the prototype theory are the charted psychological characterization and the product of human intellect.
5. Effective application of the above theories’ in English vocabulary acquisition
The prototype theory and the basic level category are both belong to the cognitive linguistics. It mainly stressed on the learners cognitive structure, new knowledge and the interaction between the cognitive structures, as well as the learner’s initiative consciousness to link new knowledge to cognitive structure. While the English vocabulary acquisition is the core of English learning as well as the key to students’ learning English, then, how to apply the cognitive theory into vocabulary learning?
5. 1 Guidance of Prototype Theory in vocabulary acquisition
First, we look at the prototype member’s influential role in the English vocabulary acquisition. Professor Lakoff has listed five considerable regions when elaborated the significance of word “mother” which is: 1. the gene - mother is the gene-provided female 2. Production - mother is giving birth female 3. Bring up - mother is the female who raises the child to the adult 4. Ancestry - mother is the always nearest elder female in the family 5. Marriage: Mother is father's spouse[11].
But in the real life, mother’s related concept being too numerous to account, For example, the foster mother, the stepmother, the gene-contributed mother, unmarried mother and so on. If we regard all of these as the non-prototype members, we may see, each of them have one or more characteristics within the five regions, but none of them have the complete five characteristics. Therefore, in vocabulary learning, if we can grasp the prototype member's connotation well, we can fast understand and grasp the other members. Certainly, the example of “mother” is almost a simpler one in the vocabulary learning.
In the long-term English learning process, we can not difficult to find that the word equivocal phenomenon is a difficulty in vocabulary learning. The prototype theory thought that the semantic expansion is a cognitive method based on the prototype member with the other concepts was delivered by deducing or metonymy. At the same time, the prototype theory also believed that what most language categories showed are not the sole central structures, namely single meaning; but is the multi-central structure, namely multivocal meanings. In all these related word meanings, there will be one which has more central meaning and it is the prototype which the other meanings are extended over though it. This has told us, when study English vocabulary, the learners should first grasp the prototype meaning, then spread to the edge word’s meaning and deduce the inner links of multivocal phenomenon according to the basis cognitive rule in order to grasp the word meaning better and faster. This is the prototype theory’s application in English vocabulary acquisition.
5. 2 Key to the vocabulary acquisition
The learning and accumulation of vocabulary is a long-term and gradual process. Professor Berlin and other scholars have found that for each language there are about 500 words which were first learnt by children are the basic core vocabulary when they carried on a study on the children study mechanism in mother-tongue learning. The basic category vocabulary we usually referred to have the following characteristics[12]:
1. The basic category vocabulary is short and simple.
2. The basic category vocabulary has high neutral terms in literary.
3. The basic category vocabulary is easy remembered and learned for its fast cerebra activation speed.
4. The basic category vocabulary is the foundation of the vocabulary expanding for
it has a powerful word-formed ability.
5. The basic category vocabulary is most commonly used in defining other word.
6. The basic category vocabulary used widely in human’s daily communication.
The English vocabulary acquisition process is very different from the mother tongue learning for the English learners themselves are already possessed the perfect abstract thinking ability. Therefore, during the English vocabulary learning process, we should pay more attention to the deducible order of comprehending and memorizing from the basic category word to the other words and prioritize the basic category learning in order to acquire the greatest proceeds in the most economical time.
English vocabulary is unlimited, so with our limited memory and energy, they can not be all remembered. But the most basic vocabulary that we are talking about is simple in shape but powerful in word formation, and they are in great terms correspond with those basic words we usually used in daily communication. So, if we put more effort to grasp the basic vocabulary, it must be much easier to achieve an effective efficient. Of course, the learning of the other words can be not ignored neither. Because of those non-basic vocabularies are mostly evolved on the basis of the basic core vocabulary, the core vocabulary, we must frequently summarized and arranged the basic vocabulary in our daily English vocabulary learning.
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