2. 2 Translator’s subjectivity by inter-subjectivity of translation subjects
Inter-subjectivity of subjects refers to a mutual relation among a person with others and with the world. It’s the co-existence of subjects, including not only poly-subjectivity, but also making dialogues with other subjects [10]. The theory of the subjects’ inter-subjectivity provides a new philosophical principle and method for studies of the translator’s subjectivity. Translation subjects consist of author, the translator and readers, who can’t be divorced from each other in translating process. There is no “absolute” or “pure” subject, so inter-subjectivity is determined to exist in the translator, author and reader. Instead of conquering the other two, the translator is to negotiate with the author and reader on an equal footing.
At the first stage, the translator is to negotiate with the author and deserve the source text. After all, translation is translation, unable to jump out of the scope. Apart from the source text, translation will not be called translation by composition or writing. Firstly, when the translator is to read the source text, he needs to recognize and know the historical cultural background, then will discover and disgust the implied meanings and connotations. Additionally, the translator should communicate mentally with the characters in source text and put himself in other’s position to feel their various emotions like pleasure, anger, sadness and so on. Based on the mutual intertexture of the translator and author, the translator involves his own horizon in the translation, leaving creative treason appearing. The translator produces the target text that must be with target language culture. In fact, the target text has double meanings internally, one of which is communicative meaning of culture and literature, bringing readers to learn foreign culture, literature and custom etc. The other is the historical and cultural meaning in target language society [7]. The two meanings are interlaced and achieved by the translator. On one hand, the translator agrees with the author and digs the source text meaning and sends the message. On the other hand, the translator debates what the author and the source text express, in terms of target language culture. He will take leave out and add what he pleases.
On the second stage, the translator is mutual impel and restrict with the readers. Their inter-subjectivity is formed. Translational activities will be accomplished in special target language culture. Thereby the translator must consider the elements of “intended readers” or “implied readers”. Readers’ “horizon of expectation” and the implied readers’ reception level, interest and artistic inclination are decisive influence on translation practice.
The translator’s aims are to make a birth of valuable translated texts adhere to the demand for target language readers and reception contexts. Furthermore, he seeks to direct the masses of readers to improve their aesthetic level. The translator will make acknowledgement of the target language readers’ demand and reception level, in order to produce a good translated texts for extensive reading. Then he is able to determine translation strategies and relative standards through negotiating with the readers. Lack of inter-subjectivity with the readers, the target texts will lose its value and readers. Thus, this kind of translation can’t be called translation. The translator will seek to think how to interpret the source text standing as the role of target text readers, believing what the translator will think and understand.
“The translator stands at the center of this dynamic process of communication, as a mediator between the producer of a source text and whoever are its target language receivers”. [11] Through dialogue with the other two factors, the translator surpasses his own limited fusion and reaches to a newer and higher level of understanding and expression. Translation is a kind of rational interaction and linguistic and cultural dialogues. The differences in languages and cultures will be harmonized by dialogues, otherwise, translation practice can’t be accomplished. The inter-subjectivity of translation subjects proves that the translator’s subjectivity really exists, and these elements co-exist and are making progress.
2. 3 Translator’s subjectivity by receptors and reception contexts
Factually, translation is cultural hybrid, a cultural communicative process in a sense. We can say that receptors and reception contexts exert a determining influence on translation and the translated texts. “Translators mediate between cultures (including ideologies, moral system and socio-political structures), seeking to overcome those incompatibilities which stand in the way of transfer of meaning”. [11] Simultaneously, the translator’s subjectivity is not random, but relevant with receptors and reception contexts, leaving the target texts with traces of target language culture. Deconstructionists have advocated the author is dead, emphasizing that the birth of meaning is within the touch of readers and textures, and the existence of texture is completely determined by readers. Besides, a translated texture is to be read in special reception contexts. Only when the translator takes target language culture fully in consideration in translating process, his work and endeavor can be identified by people.
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