In Shakespear’s sonnet, there is such a sentence “Shall I compare thee to summer’s day”. The translation text for it is “能否把你比夏日璀璨?” Obviously, it puts the original language as the center. In China, the whether in summer is hot beyond bearing. But if the translation text is “能否把它当春日”, it loses the foreign flavor. And Chinese readers are good at imaging, so, it is better to adapt the foreignization strategy here.
Fortress Besieged and Midnight are considered to be the two greatest novels in modern China. With lively and creative language, Qian Zhongshu described China’s situation when Japanese army invaded China. He created many a lively scholar’s image and describes their psychological features. In this novel, many master hands can be seen everywhere. Qian Zhongshu made this novel become a simple thing to translate Fortress Besieged well by expressing its charm and Chinese culture contented in it. Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K.Mao, the two foreign scholars both take this challenge, depending on their great bilingual and bi-cultural capacity. Their English version of Fortress Besieged attracted great attention after its publication. Foreignization strategy is the dominated strategy in the whole English version of Fortress Besieged. The two translators managed to reserve the original works’ features to convey its cultural characteristics and show the readers the original woks. There are a lot words with Chinese characteristics, which are translated by the way of literal translation or literal translation with additional explanation. The goal is to reserve their cultural characteristics and connotation. Here are some examples: (1) 麻将牌 [21] mahjong [22] （2） 吃西风[21]feeding on the west wind[22] (3) 我们新吃过女人的亏，都是惊弓之鸟，看见女人的影子就怕了。[21] Having recently been jilted by women, we are like birds afraid of the bow; we are frightened even by woman’s shadow. [22] (4) 秋老虎[21] an “autumn tiger”, a real scorcher[22] (5) 总而言之，批分数该雪中送炭，万万不能悭吝。[21] In sum, when making one should “send coal when it snows,” that is, provide that which is most needed, and never be stingy. [22] (6) 辛楣一肚皮的酒，几乎全成酸醋。[21]The wine in Hsin mei’s stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy. [22] (7) 空城计[21] pulling me “empty-town bluff” [22] (8) 岁寒三友[21]three companions of winter[22].
Biological living’s evolution is realized by accurate and fast meme’s copy and useful meme’s detention. Biology’s trans-gene technology has made some living organs enter into other memes and get revolution by speeding up detention. Culture, the same as gene, also need absorb in foreign memes. To native culture memes, these foreign memes just form the 0.1% detention as to input new energy native culture. This phenomenon is just like what Mr. Ji Xianlin said, “the river of Chinese culture is sometimes full of water and sometimes lack of water, but never dry out. The reason is just that it always has new water to put in.[23] What the “new water” refers to is foreign memes introduced by translation activity. Just as Johann Wolfgang Goethe said, “translators always create a new “pure language” between source language and target language. In such a new language, writer meets reader. In such a circle, what we are familiar and not familiar, what we have known and what we have not known are getting closer to each other. [24] This new pure language is the foreignized language based on target language.
In fact, because many translators insist on foreignization translation, Chinese has absorbed in a lot of good foreign language’s elements. The following are typical examples of this fact. 欧佩克， 咖啡， 负增长， 软科学， 微循环， 可读性， 知名度， 文化热， 失落感， 热身赛， 原罪， 色狼， 黑市，摊派，潘多拉盒子，“像苍蝇一样勇敢”， “你可以来，如果你愿意” etc, which are the result of foreign memes’ successful reproduction in Chinese culture. China’s culture memes are enriched tremendously in such a way. So, as hosts to spread culture, the translators must know their responsibility to spread culture memes. Domestication is a temporary method to explain extremely strange culture, while trying to reach the translation in Coding 1 is the constant aim pursued by translators.
Conclusion
Meme, a useful concept which was put forward by Prof. Richard Dawkins has become very popular in many fields, especially in culture field. In the end of 20th century, the new field of explaining culture evolution by meme was formed.
Memetics is connected with translation in a special way, which explains the transferring course of memes during the translating activity. Translation is also the transformation of foreign memes. What translators should do is to make the minimum changes to the original memes so as to conserve the original flavor of the source language. So, translation strategy is gotten very important in the effect of translation. The adoption of different strategies will produce different effect to readers. From the perspective of memetics, we can explain when and why translators should use domestication strategy and use foreignization. In the early period for two cultures’ contact, domestication is very necessary for the understanding of each other, but with the increasing communication between two different cultures, the foreignization is getting more important. From the perspective of memetics, we can have a more clear measure to domestication and foreignization.转贴于 酷文网-论文下载中心 http://www.coolwen.net
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