The two terms were put forward by the famous American translator L.Venuti in The Translator’ Invisibility in 1995, being used to refer to two kinds of translating strategies. Their appearance is based on the German philosopher Schleier Marcher’s theory. In his view, there are two kinds of translation, one is “the translator leaves the author in peace as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him”, the other is “the translator leaves the reader in peace as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.” [14] But to the two kinds of translation, he did not give special terms. Schuttleworth and Cowie defined domestication as the following: “a term used by Venuti to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers.
As regard to foreignization, Schuttleworth and Cowie defined it as: “A term used by Venuti to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original.” Venuti considered it as a challenge to domestication strategy, and supplied its function, “register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. [14] In this way, the linguistic and cultural features of the original text are reserved, and the TL readers can feel exotic flavor and feel other cultures’ existence and their particular charm.
3. 2 The influence of the early period of meme’s spread on translation strategies
When two cultures contact at the first time, the source language and the target language are tremendously different, so the target language’s readers are extremely unfamiliar with the culture the source language lies in. It is probable that they refuse to be infected for they can not decode the foreign memes.
At the primary period to introduce Western culture, there existed some foreignazation methods to explain something. For example, “milk way” was translated to “牛奶路”, which is visual and concrete but is laughing and finally is replaced by another expression “银河”. In this stage, translators always adopted the domestication strategy, in order to make the readers understand the source language’s core memes. Fu Donghua, a Chinese translator, started to translate literary works in 1920s. When he was translating the American novel Gone with the Wind, he translated the protagonists’ American names into “Hao Sijia”, “Bai Ruide”, which are of Chinese characteristics. Despite that other culture memes in source meme complex were abandoned, domestication plays an important role in transmission. It makes two different cultures start to be familiar with each other, providing the precondition for more faithful copy and spread of memes in late period.
“As strong as a horse”, this phrase has a such a meaning “力大如马”, because in the early time of England, horse was the main animal in farming and plowing. English people had deep affection to horse, which became the symbol of industry. Whereas, in China, conventionally, cattle is hard-working and has no complains, so, Chinese people have got emotion to cattle. Therefore, it is more concrete to translate the phrase to “力大如牛”. It is easy to cause the same feeling among Chinese readers. We translate “ To grow like mushrooms” into “如雨后春笋”. That is because, in Chinese people’s experience, we often see many mushrooms after rain in spring. The “春笋” gives us a more vivid and concrete vision. Translating “like a cat on hot bricks” into “像热锅上的蚂蚁” is proper to Chinese readers’ customs of thought and language. “尧舜” are two famous kings in ancient China, they devoted a lot to country and are remembered by ancient and modern people. But if we translate it into “Yao and shun”, it will be too confusing, and can not be accepted by foreign readers. So, “sage kings” is a good domestication translation. If we translate “Adam’s apple” into “亚当的苹果”, that will be a laugh stock, for its original meaning is “喉结”. Chinese idiom “一朝被蛇咬, 十年怕井绳” is equivalent to English “ Once beaten, twice shy.”
Emma, a well-known novel from England, has been attracting many readers’ attention. Mr. Sun Zhili and Mr. Zhang Jinghao, translate it into Chinese in some different ways. We can see the advantage of domestication from their translated version. “Sorrow came—a gentle sorrow—but not at all in the shape of any disagreeable consciousness.”[15] Mr. Sun’s translation is “令人难过的事情—令人略感难过的事情—终于降临了—但又绝非以令人不愉快的方式出现.” Mr. Zhang translates it into “后来终于发生了一件事，虽然不至于使她忍受不了，但确实使她有些难过.” Mr. Sun keeps the dash in the original text and translates the sentence by literal translation. It seems a little stiff; While Mr. Zhang Jinghao isolates three dashes and uses free translation, making the translated text more flexible and understandable.
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