论《白象似的群山》中的冰山理论(英文)

Abstract: Comparing writing works of art to “Iceberg” floating on the water, Hemingway leaves the “blank” for the reader to think and re-experience. As a founder of style, Hemingway makes his short story provided with “Principle of Iceberg”, which manifests in the 4 aspects: (1) art of terseness; (2) omission of experience; (3) Writing Degree Zero; (4) multi-sense of context. These 4 parts are closely related, constituting the celebrated Hemingway’s “Principle of Iceberg” which has profound and lasting influence on writings all over the world.

Key words: Principle of Iceberg; art of terseness; omission of experience; Writing Degree Zero; multi-sense of context

摘  要：把艺术作品的创作比做漂浮在水面的冰山，海明威在其作品中“留白”让读者去体会其中的深意。作为树立一代文风的海明威，他的短篇小说具有独树一帜的艺术风格。其特别之处主要表现在四个方面：第一，简约的艺术；第二，经验的省略；第三，零度的写作；第四，情境的多重。这四个方面相辅相成，共同形成了对世界文坛影响深远的海明威式文体。

关键词：“冰山原则”； 简约的艺术；经验的省略；零度的写作；情境的多重

Introduction
Ernest Hemingway is one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. The son of a country doctor, Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star after graduating from high school in 1917. During World War I he served as an ambulance driver in France and in the Italian infantry and was wounded just before his 19th birthday. Later, while working in Paris as a correspondent for the Toronto Star, he became involved with the expatriate literary and artistic circle surrounding Gertrude Stein. During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent on the loyalist side. He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. After his expulsion from Cuba by the Castro regime, he moved to Idaho. He was increasingly plagued by ill health and mental problems, and in July, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself [1].
Hemingway incarnates the 4 characters of “Principle of Iceberg”-- compact words; vivid characters; profuse emotion and profound thoughts in his works. I intend to analyze the application of “Principle of Iceberg” in Hills Like White Elephants from 4 aspects--art of terseness; omission of experience; Writing Degree Zero and multi-sense of context, with the purpose of letting the reader get a clear acquaintanceship with “Principle of Iceberg”. Only if they understand the artistic technique of “Principle of Iceberg”, the reader can utilize “Principle of Iceberg” in composition to get the best effect in literary communication.

1  The brief introduction and the background information of the novel    
To understand “Principle of Iceberg” utilized in “Principle of Iceberg”, we must know the general idea of Hills Like White Elephants and background information of author’s composing.
1.1 Summary of Hills Like White Elephants
A couple is waiting for the train from Barcelona to Madrid on a station of Spain, which will get to the platform 40 minutes later. During the waiting time, the man who is an American, with the girl named Jig talks about something. Since Jig is pregnant, the man persuades her to agree to do abortion. However, the girl seems she is not willing to accept the suggestion. 4/5 of the story is the dialogue between these two protagonists, which depicts the situation of their talking. All this is the main content of the famous short novel Hills Like White Elephants which is written by Ernest Hemingway. When we finish the reading of the novel, we don’t feel it’s simple, though the plot is very simple.
1.2 The background information of composing
From Ernest Hemingway’s memoirist, movable feast, we can know that in the 20s, as a reporter, Hemingway, who was always suffered from starvation, led a vagrant life in Pairs. Since the fonda where he lived was cold, he often went to cafe to compose his works. If it was blustering and chill outside, the story of his composition would happen in a severe winter too. If the protagonist of his novel was drinking, he himself always couldn’t help to drink a cup of St.James Rum. If met a girl whose face was as shining as a brand-new coin and whose hair was as black as corbie’s wing, Hemingway turned excited and wanted to add the girl into his story [2]. This cafe where Hemingway visited frequently lies on the St.Michell Square, where Hemingway’s fans visit and ponder on the past of this eminent writer now. It was just because Ernest Hemingway met a woman who did abortion just now before lunch in the cafe and had a chat, he got the novel done without any letup, even forgot to have lunch.

2  The characteristic of the “Principle of Iceberg”
The 4 characteristics of “Principle of Iceberg”-- compact words; vivid characters; profuse emotion and profound thoughts are the embodiment of “Principle of Iceberg”.
2.1 The definition of the “Principle of Iceberg”
Learning from the advantages of each genre, together with his own composing experience these years, Ernest Hemingway summarizes his composition style as “Principle of Iceberg”. “Principle of Iceberg” runs through his whole composition career, which is also the principle he treats with works of art and relationship in real life. Iceberg moves on the sea augustly since only 1/8 of the iceberg shows up beyond the surface. A writer who knows what exactly he wants to express can omit what he knows, while the reader can understand what the author leaves out if only the author describes factually as if the author writes it all out[3]. What the Iceberg emerges is 7/8 of it, which is below the water. You can omit anything you know, which can only make your iceberg more profound. Apparently, 1/8 of the iceberg is what the author wants to express in words directly; while the other 7/8 is the part author intends to hind and let the reader guess between the lines. Whether these two parts fit each well depends on the author’s skill. 1/8 of the work likes the iceberg beyond water, which is clear-cut and transparent, is lifelike and vivid, which makes the reader guess what the rest part means. As to the “Principle of Iceberg”, Hemingway puts stress on the 1/8, through which he thinks it can show the relation between reality and author’s thoughts and implement the communication between the author and readers. 转贴于 酷文网-论文下载中心 http://www.coolwen.net